The effect of waterbodies (sea, river or canal) on the electrical conductivity of the piezo-water at high and low tide is analysed. It is found that quality of twelve piezo-water samples up to a depth of 160 330 m is not dependent on the quality of surface waterbodies like rivers or canals.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340165732_Effect_of_waterbodies_on_the_quality_of_groundwater_in_coastal_areas_of_South_24_Parganas_in_West_Bengal_India